游戏对儿童
社会能力的重要性

“游戏培养儿童的归属感,鼓励儿童互相合作。”

-- 美国近代精神学家 Stuart Brown

儿很多人都记得自己小时候,或者在自己孩子身上看到过那种与其它小朋友一起在游乐场上玩耍的渴望。儿童经常盼望能有机会和朋友一起去校外玩耍,认识新朋友,一起进行那些自己在家无法玩的集体游戏。

不过,儿童在游乐场上的交流决不仅限于眼神。研究发现,游乐场是一个浓缩的小社会网络,儿童在游戏中获得非常重要的与人交往技能的同时,也学习到了团队之间的交流和沟通。

集体互动

在游乐场上,儿童随时都会处于团队之中,或离开集体单独游戏。 独自游戏时,儿童通过自娱自乐来锻炼自己的创造性,消除无聊感。独自游戏时,儿童也可以通过观察其他小朋友之间的交流合作学习到社交技巧。

集体游戏时,儿童可以更深地理解不同的社会角色和文化规则,锻炼团队合作技能,并学会与同龄人分享共同的交流符合系统,包括语言和肢体动作。儿童在培养和测试相互之间的关系中学会自我控制、让步及谈判技巧。集体游戏中,儿童还可以学会逃生技能、独立性以及什么样的集体活动是自己可以接受的。

锻炼社会能力的游乐设施

特定的游乐设施可以培养儿童的社交能力。给儿童提供可以聚集和交流的空间对于帮助儿童进行社会交流和交往非常重要。例如,研究证实平台给儿童提供了聚集的场所,而过桥和斜坡则给儿童提供了游戏的机会。秋千和滑梯鼓励儿童学会与小朋友轮流游戏,而管子和顶子则鼓励儿童进行角色扮演游戏。

在儿童成年的过程中,社交能力的发展起着重要的作用。在游乐场学到的宝贵经验为儿童成年之后能够很好地适应社会打下坚实的基础。

“儿童进行的游戏不是简单的玩,而应该被认为是他们最严肃认真的活动。”

包容是人生的美德

在游乐场上游戏时,儿童也会更好的了解他们的伙伴。建设所有儿童都可以玩的游乐设施和安全地垫是从小培养儿童包容品质的重要途径。研究发现儿童对于可以一起游戏的同伴会赋予一定的价值。而那些不能与自己一起游戏的伙伴,则认为没有价值。从儿童的角度出发,可以一起游戏的儿童是“贡献者”,而不游戏的孩子则不是。因此,因为游乐设施和游乐场地点不具备“无障碍”特性而被剥夺在游乐场上游戏的权利的孩子,本身已经被其同伴歧视而处于劣势。不幸的是,这种“贡献者”的价值观常常会伴随人一辈子。建设无障碍的游乐场,让所有孩子都可以参与游戏,是确保所有儿童的社会能力都能得到健康发展,并在同伴严重获得同等价值的重要途径。

SOCIAL BENEFITS

“Play fosters belonging and encourages cooperation.” Stuart Brown, M.D. Contemporary American psychiatrist

Many people remember, or have experienced through their children, the anticipation of playing with friends at the playground. Kids often look forward to the opportunity to visit with friends outside of school, meet new people and play group games they can’t play at home alone.

But there is much more to these playground interactions than meets the eye. Research has shown that the playground is a complex social network where kids learn valuable lessons about group interaction and social norms while gaining important relationship-building skills.

Group Interaction

Kids have many opportunities to move in and out of group play while on playgrounds. Solitary play helps kids socially, as it promotes creativity and alleviates boredom when children devise their own entertainment. While playing alone, kids can also learn social cues by observing group interactions without being a part of them.

When playing in groups, kids learn social roles and cultural rules, develop appropriate cooperation skills, and learn a shared system of symbols, including verbal and body language. When children develop and test relationships, they learn self-control, compromise and negotiation skills. Kids also learn survival skills, independence and acceptable group activities to build on as they grow up.

Social Playground Equipment

Specific playground equipment can foster social development in kids. Providing space for kids to congregate and communicate are important keys in helping social interaction on playgrounds. For example, research has shown that platforms and decks provide children with places to congregate. Bridges and ramps provide kids with opportunities to play games. Swings and slides encourage kids to learn to take turns, and tunnels and roof-covered areas encourage group games and pretend play.

The development of social skills plays an important role in a child’s maturation process. The valuable lessons they learn on the playground will provide a foundation to grow into socially-adjusted, well-adapted adults.

“Children at play are not playing about. Their games should be seen as their most serious minded activity.” Michel de Montaigne French essayist 1533-1592.

Inclusion is a Value for Life

Children also learn important lessons about their peers when playing on the playground. Making sure playground equipment and surfacing is accessible for all kids is one way to begin leading kids to the early adoption of inclusiveness as a life value. Research has shown that children assign value to those they can play with and those they cannot. Their perception is that those who play are contributors and those who don't play are not. Therefore, children with disabilities who are prevented from playing on playgrounds because of non-inclusive equipment or surfacing are already facing a disadvantage of being perceived by their peers as having less value than the children who are playing. This "contributor status" perception unfortunately often carries on through life. Working to make playgrounds accessible to all is one way to make sure all children develop social skills and achieve critical peer status on equal ground.

转自美国IPEMA Voice of Play官方网站 翻译:Cathy Xu

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